MOTS-c
Research Overview · Mechanism of Action · Reconstitution Guide
Overview
MOTS-c (Mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA Type-c) is a 16-amino acid peptide encoded within the mitochondrial genome — specifically within the 12S rRNA gene. It was discovered by Chang Lee and colleagues at USC in 2015. MOTS-c is the first mitochondria-derived peptide (MDP) shown to translocate to the nucleus and regulate nuclear gene expression, representing a novel form of mitochondria-to-nucleus communication. Circulating MOTS-c levels decline with age and are reduced in metabolic disease states.
Mechanism of Action
MOTS-c activates AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) in skeletal muscle and other tissues, promoting glucose uptake, fatty acid oxidation, and mitochondrial biogenesis. It regulates the folate cycle and methionine metabolism, affecting one-carbon metabolism and cellular methylation capacity. Under metabolic stress, MOTS-c translocates to the nucleus and modulates the expression of genes involved in antioxidant defense and metabolic adaptation. In aging models, MOTS-c administration improves insulin sensitivity, exercise capacity, and metabolic flexibility.
Key Studies & References
Lee C et al. (2015). The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance. Cell Metab 21:443–454.
Kim SJ et al. (2018). Mitochondrially derived peptides as novel regulators of metabolism. J Physiol 596:6423–6428.
Reynolds JC et al. (2021). MOTS-c is an exercise-induced mitochondrial-encoded regulator of age-dependent physical decline and muscle homeostasis. Nat Commun 12:470.
Bacteriostatic Water Reconstitution Guide
Research Use Only — The following reconstitution information is provided for in vitro laboratory research purposes only. Not for human or veterinary use.
Recommended Solvent
Bacteriostatic water (0.9% benzyl alcohol)
Standard Volume
Add 1 mL bacteriostatic water to a 5 mg vial to yield a 5000 mcg/mL (5 mg/mL) solution.
Working Concentration
5 mg/mL standard. May dilute to 1–2 mg/mL for lower-dose protocols.
Storage (Reconstituted)
Reconstituted: 2–8°C, use within 28 days. Lyophilized: -20°C, desiccated.
Stability Window
28 days refrigerated.
Technique
Inject solvent slowly along the vial wall. Swirl gently. MOTS-c dissolves readily.
Notes
MOTS-c is a relatively new research compound with a growing literature base. Exercise studies suggest endogenous MOTS-c is released during physical activity — an important consideration for in vivo research model design.
Research Dosing Reference
The following dosing information is derived from published preclinical research literature and is provided for reference purposes only.
Clinical / Human Research Range
Human studies are emerging. Preclinical data guides current research protocols.
Preclinical Models
Rodent studies: 0.5–15 mg/kg subcutaneous or intraperitoneal, daily or every other day.
Calculation Example
For a 5 mg/mL solution: a 5 mg research dose = 1.0 mL. A 2.5 mg dose = 0.5 mL.